Since entering the 21st century, the manufacturing industry is facing the opportunities and challenges brought about by the adjustment of global industrial structure. In particular, after the international financial crisis in 2008, countries in the world began to pay attention to manufacturing again in order to find a new way to promote economic growth. The EU as a whole began to increase its support for technological innovation in manufacturing. The National Science and Technology Commission of the United States in 2012 2 The "Formal Strategic Plan for Advanced Manufacturing Countries" was formally released on the month. In addition to the United States' "United States Advanced Manufacturing Country Strategic Plan," the German government launched the "German Industry 4.0 Strategy" in April 2013, and the UK Government Science and Technology Office also launched "The British Industrial 2050 Strategy" in October 2013.
The most common problem in China's promotion of industrial upgrading is its quick success and instant benefits. The essence of this is that it does not systematically consider problems and blindly promote innovation, and it cannot form a real advantage, resulting in waste of resources. In the author's opinion, we should carefully study the developed countries' strategies for the development of advanced manufacturing, including the "United States Advanced Manufacturing Countries Strategic Plan", "German Industry 4.0 Strategy" and "British Industrial 2050 Strategy", and combing out representative advanced manufacturing. The key words of the development direction of the industry, combined with China's national conditions, define the direction of development of our future manufacturing industry.
I. Soft Manufacturing From the perspective of the developed countries’ strategic planning for the development of advanced manufacturing, the concept and added value of the manufacturing industry are constantly shifting from hardware to intangible assets such as software, services, and solutions. Compared with the traditional manufacturing industry, today's manufacturing industry is software that brings hardware functions and control hardware and has a great impact on hardware. At the same time, unlike the previous hardware products, in the current manufacturing industry, the demand for product-based services or product-based solutions is increasing rapidly.
The so-called soft manufacturing is to increase the added value of products and expand more and more abundant services and solutions. Because the products built-in software, accompanying services, or solutions are usually soft and intangible and are “invisible†relative to hardware, they are called soft manufacturing.
In soft manufacturing, “hardware†production is no longer considered as a manufacturing industry. Instead, “software†continues to play a leading role in the manufacturing industry. The services or solutions generated by commodities have a huge impact on the value of manufacturing. Therefore, the future manufacturing industry needs to abandon the traditional “hardware-based†thinking model, and it must develop the manufacturing industry from the perspective of the added value of software and services.
With the advancement of modularization and the integration of production equipment technologies, manufacturing industries centered on mass-produced hardware can easily perform technology transfer. Due to the low threshold of transfer, many developing countries can accept it. However, in recent years, the developed countries have constantly defined the function and performance of software products, increased the emphasis on software-led innovation, and shifted the source of value of manufacturing products from hardware to software-driven, thus also boosting manufacturing. Entry threshold.
Electronic products is a typical representative case. Most of today's electronic products have pre-installed operating systems and embed various software functions. Many electronic products can also install more application software (APP) through networking. At present, even in the traditional manufacturing industries such as the automotive industry, "software determines the value of products" is also constantly reflected. For example, in order to realize low-fuel driving of automobiles, it is necessary to use software to collaboratively control the technical modularization of various hardware in automotive parts. The effect of software execution directly affects the fuel consumption of automobiles. Many developed countries are actively developing self-driving cars. To achieve automatic driving, software is also indispensable.
The trend of U.S. corporate soft manufacturing is the most obvious, and U.S. companies such as GE and IBM have begun to attach importance to the role of software. GE jumped out of the thinking mode of the manufacturing industry and devoted itself to software investment. At present, GE is also a data analysis and software company. IBM is even more advanced on this point and believes that the era of managing massive amounts of data is coming. Therefore, we attach great importance to the ability of the company to analyze mathematics.
When formulating industrial policies, Europe also realized very early on that the root of the global manufacturing competitiveness of the future manufacturing industry was software. In the framework plan of the European Union, an investment of up to 2.7 billion Euros has been set for the basic research project for embedded software (ARTEMIS). Large companies such as Siemens and Bosch also transformed themselves into IT companies.
Service, solution business attaches great importance to after-sales service, customer service and coping solution business, and it is an important trend in the development of the manufacturing industry in developed countries. The business model of the future manufacturing industry is a business model that focuses on solving customer problems. In this model, companies will not only sell hardware, but will also obtain additional value through after-sales service such as the maintenance of sold hardware products and providing various follow-up services.
The understanding of services and solutions business has been common in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Large US companies tend to standardize their services and solutions and promote them to emerging market countries. GE's move in healthcare services is a typical case. In Germany and the United Kingdom, it is usually through the consultation of sales that the "service of manufacturing" has been successful.
Second, from the "Physics" to "information" trend In the past, when it comes to manufacturing, most of them are considered to be the core components of hardware products. However, with the advancement of packaging and digitization, parts production and processing technologies have accelerated their transfer to emerging market countries. With this, the profitability of parts and components has become difficult to maintain. As a result, manufacturing industries in developed countries have begun to pay more attention to packaging by assembling components, modularizing some functions, and systemizing the series of functions to increase added value.
Luo Baihui, an industry value chain research expert, believes that modularity is the assembly of standardized parts to design products. The advantage of doing so is that it can quickly respond to the diversified needs of the market and meet the different needs of consumers. In the past, a lot of time and costs were required in the production process of the product. If the complex product is assembled through several modules, the diversification and efficiency problems can be solved at the same time.
However, modularity itself is only a function of the product. In the future, the manufacturing industry will pay more attention to systematization and new applications and services based on modularization and packaging. If systemization is taken as the leading factor, we can get more added value with "information" function than parts with "physical" meaning. On the contrary, if you do not control the system's dominance, no matter how good the quality and function of the components you develop, it will be difficult to become the market price leader.
U.S. companies have always been gaining added value in the upstream part of the value chain such as R&D and design, which reflects the system-oriented thinking model. Companies located in the upper reaches of the value chain should not face parts and components in order to gain added value, but should face the system to control the market. GE's core technology is the system. The company has transformed into an energy system company in the 1980s. Now, the successful experience accumulated at that time will undoubtedly be applied to GE's vigorous promotion of medical services and other fields.
In the "Industry 4.0" strategy proposed by Germany, the core is the Physical Information System (CPS). German Siemens, Bosch and other large companies have a high degree of awareness of systematization. Among them, Bosch has introduced a packaging system based on AUTOSAR international standards and is vigorously exploring emerging markets such as India and China.
III. Trends from “Groups†to “Individuals†After the developed countries have shifted production bases for large-scale production to emerging market countries, a variety of small-volume manufacturing industries with a focus on customization have gradually become Mainstream. In the future, the trend of manufacturing industries in developed countries will be the consensus of many experts, and they will be customized according to individual needs to form a “mass customization†trend. At the same time, consumers themselves will also have the ability to put their needs into production.
With the technological innovation brought about by the popularity of digitalization and information technology represented by 3D printing, the entry threshold for manufacturing will be minimized, and individuals without factories and production equipment can easily participate in the manufacturing industry. The reduction in entry barriers for manufacturing means that there will be some unexpected companies or individuals involved in the manufacturing industry, which may bring significant changes to the business model.
"Personalization" is first and foremost advanced by the United States. In the cultural context of the United States, personality is more intense than organizational color. The trend of “individualization†in the manufacturing industry is reflected in the return of manufacturing in the United States. Some small-scale hand-made manufacturing industries that focus on making production engineering more efficient and professional through information technology have begun to emerge in the urban areas of some cities. They perform flexible customized services based on the needs of consumers, and rely on superior design to compete with mass production.
IV. INTERCONNECTED MANUFACTURING Many products around us are beginning to have access to the Internet, and society is constantly being networked. In Luo Baihui's view, smart phones are the same, and so is the "information appliance" of home appliances. As automobiles gradually enter the era of self-driving, perhaps the future of automobiles will be just an Internet terminal. The products around us are constantly being networked. Just as systematically important, “interconnected manufacturing†represents the dominant power in controlling the Internet. Moreover, from the perspective of network externalities, companies that are the first to take control of the dominant power will gain long-term benefits.
With the popularization of information technology, the Internet, and electronic commerce, the new requirements for competition in the manufacturing industry have changed:
First of all, it is required that manufacturing companies can continuously obtain information based on the Internet and respond quickly to market demands.
Second, it requires the manufacturing companies to integrate and share various resources and make rational use of various resources.
Interconnected manufacturing can quickly respond to market changes and rapidly configure manufacturing resources through rapid reorganization and dynamic collaboration of manufacturing companies. This improves product quality while reducing the time it takes for the product to reach the market and increasing market share. At the same time, it can also share infrastructure construction costs, equipment investment costs, etc., to reduce business risks.
In addition, as a trend of the future, the factory will use the Internet to realize the networking of internal and external services, and to the trend of the interconnected factories. Followed by, collecting and analyzing all kinds of information in the production workshop, giving feedback to consumers, and parsing the information collected from the factory as big data to open up more and new business opportunities. The processing of the massive data collected by the hardware from the workshop will also determine the value of services and solutions to a large extent.
Because the United States has Google, IBM and other IT giants and numerous IT companies, so the application of big data is more active, and attaches great importance to the community to bring new value. Google’s continued acquisition of manufacturing companies is the hope of mastery of dominance. At the same time, as a representative of the large US manufacturing companies, GE also began to strengthen data analysis and software development, collect data from the workshop, analyze, provide solutions, and open up new business opportunities.
Germany regards "Industry 4.0" as a national strategy and the factory intelligence as a national policy. Through information technology, we maximize the ability of the factory itself. Industry 4.0 is not an industrial problem but a profound social change! Everyone can't make clear relationships with them.
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