The drilling equipment consists of eight systems: lifting system, rotating system, circulating system, transmission system, driving system, control system, drilling rig base and auxiliary equipment. Drilling equipment is divided into rotation, lifting, circulation, power and transmission, control and other systems according to function:
1. The main equipment of the rotary system is the Rotary Table installed on the wellhead of the drill floor. During rotation, the drill string and bit are driven to rotate and drill through the Kelly. When the downhole power drilling tool is used to drive the bit to rotate, the rotary table is used to bear the reverse torque.
2. The hoisting system is a set of hoisting equipment composed of winch, derrick, crown block, traveling block, hook, steel Wire Rope , etc. The winch is mainly used to trip the drilling tool, run the casing and control the WOB during drilling. The derrick is used for placing crown block, hanging traveling block, hook and other lifting equipment and tools, as well as lifting and storing pipe string. The crown block and traveling block are a set of complex pulley device to reduce the tension on the winch wire rope. The number of wire ropes of the complex pulley of large and medium-sized drilling rigs is generally 8 ~ 12 strands.
3. The mud circulating system is composed of Mud Pump , high-pressure mud pipeline, water hose, faucet, drill string and mud Solid Control Equipment.
4. Solid control equipment is used to remove useless solid particles in the mud returned from the well. The commonly used equipment includes vibrating screen, Desander , Desilter , degasser and centrifugal separator. In the late 1970s, the automatic mud preparation system began to be used in combination with the well control device, which can reliably control the wellbore at any time and automatically keep the mud specific gravity constant. In case of blowout omen, it can automatically adjust the mud specific gravity and other properties.
5. Power and transmission system includes power machine and transmission unit. The power engine mainly uses diesel engine, motor or gas turbine. The transmission unit includes mechanical transmission such as chain, belt and gear, hydraulic transmission and electric transmission to transmit power to working machines such as winch, rotary table and mud pump.
6. The control system enables each unit to work coordinately according to the needs of drilling technology. It includes the control of starting, stopping, speed regulating, paralleling and reversing of power machine, winch, rotary table and mud pump. The methods include mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic and electric control, and develop in the direction of electronic computer control.
7. Well control equipment is an important equipment used to ensure safe drilling in oil and gas drilling, including BOP, Choke Manifold, kill manifold, Mud Gas Separator, etc. The blowout preventer is used to prevent the blowout of mud, oil, gas and water in the well. The blowout preventer includes ram blowout preventer, rotary blowout preventer and universal blowout preventer. It is installed at the wellhead under the drill floor and is used to close the annular gap between the drill string and casing or all wellhead respectively. In addition, there is a blowout preventer in the drill string, which is used to close the internal space of the drill string. Modern drilling equipment is equipped with several sets of different types of BOP to form wellhead BOP group to control different drilling conditions.
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