Titanium metal in the field of materials will become the new darling of it?
Titanium is Geneigeer British scientists first discovered from titanium iron ore in 1791, 1795 German chemist carat Plott also found that elements from rutile, and was named "Titanium." Due to the high chemical activity of titanium, in 1910, 120 years after it was discovered that was the first time to extract the metal titanium, magnesium restore the rule of law in 1940 had titanium sponge, titanium from the foundation of industrial production methods.
Titanium is very rich in reserves in the earth's crust. It ranks fourth only after iron, aluminum and magnesium, and is more than ten times more than the sum of common metals such as copper , nickel , lead and zinc . The ore used in the industry to produce titanium is rutile, ilmenite and titanomagnetite.
Titanium has many excellent properties: titanium has a specific gravity of 4.5g/cm3, which is only 56% of ordinary structural steel, and its strength is equivalent to or higher than that of ordinary structural steel. In metal structural materials, titanium has the highest specific strength. of.
The melting point of titanium is 1668 ° C, slightly higher than iron and nickel, and higher than the melting point of aluminum and magnesium by more than 1000 ° C. Therefore, as a light metal structural material, titanium alloy has much better heat resistance than aluminum and magnesium alloys, and the maximum use temperature can reach 600 °C.
Titanium easily forms a strong oxide film on the surface and oxygen in an oxidizing atmosphere. It is excellent in corrosion resistance in oxidizing acids, alkalis, and salt media, especially in wet chlorine and seawater.
Titanium has an allotropic isomeric crystal structure, and a 885 ° C or higher is a β phase of a close packed hexagonal lattice, and the following is an α phase of a body centered cubic lattice. Therefore, the addition of various alloying elements, titanium can be divided into α -, β - and α + β categories. The homogeneity of titanium makes it possible to obtain alloys with very different properties when added with different alloying elements and to have a large heat treatment effect.
Titanium has a coefficient of expansion of 8.2×10 -6 /°C, which is smaller than that of general structural metals. It has low stress during rapid cooling and is suitable for use in environments with temperature changes.
Titanium has good toughness and fatigue resistance, and its welding performance is also very good. Titanium has good low temperature performance and does not exhibit low temperature brittleness at -196 ° C. These properties are very suitable for structural applications.
Titanium has a small thermal conductivity and is non-magnetic. Some titanium alloys also have superconducting properties, memory properties and hydrogen storage properties.
Due to the excellent performance of titanium and the abundant resources, the industrial production of titanium has been highly valued by the world immediately. In 1947, the United States took the lead in industrialization of sponge titanium production. In that year, it produced 2 tons of sponge titanium, and in 1957 it developed to more than 15,000 tons. In 1952, Japan and the former Soviet Union began the production of titanium sponge in 1954. China also began trial production of sponge titanium in 1958, and now has formed a complete titanium industrial system. Currently, the countries with titanium industry in the world are mainly the United States, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Japan, the United Kingdom, China and Germany.
The application of titanium began with the military and aerospace industries. As early as 1951, the United States used titanium materials on airplanes. By 1961, the United States used 3,940 tons of titanium for aircraft manufacturing, accounting for 77% of the total amount of titanium. If combined with titanium for missiles and space technology, it accounts for titanium. 95% of the material used. The former Soviet Union and British titanium materials are also mainly used in the military and aviation industries. After entering the 1970s, the excellent performance of titanium has gradually gained a general understanding in the civil industry. The application of titanium in the civil industry, chemical industry, electric power and other civil industries has increased year by year, and the dosage has also increased steadily. At present, the non-aerospace titanium in the United States has exceeded 30%, and the CIS is 50%. For historical reasons, titanium is used almost exclusively in the civilian industry.
China is a country with abundant titanium resources. After decades of development, it has formed an overall industrial system from titanium ore, titanium sponge, titanium smelting and titanium production, and titanium equipment manufacturing. China's titanium industry has also arisen for aviation. In the 1980s, China decided to vigorously promote the use of titanium materials for civilian use. The state has adopted a policy of support in a timely manner, and the titanium industry has embarked on a stable development path. However, at present, the scale of China's titanium industry and the output of titanium materials are still far from the developed countries in the world. The amount of titanium used in civil industry is still small. The reason is that the superiority of titanium materials has not been widely recognized. In addition, the expensive price of titanium materials has made many companies unable to bear, which directly affects the promotion and use of titanium materials. In order for China's titanium industry to develop at a high speed, it is necessary to vigorously promote and promote the use of titanium materials, so that the superiority of titanium materials and the economic and social benefits of using titanium materials are well known. [next]
Titanium's Aiwa Mini CD player
For years, CD players have been popular with younger generations because of their small size and ease of use. The birth of a tape stereo player and a portable CD player has enabled people to enjoy music anytime, anywhere. But people hope that this device will be more compact and even re-recorded. The mini CD player is smaller than the original CD player, and its volume is only about 2/3 of that of the original CD player, and the quality is lighter and more convenient to carry.
The Aiwa AM-HX200 mini CD player is the first to use a full titanium housing. Since the thermal conductivity is smaller than that of titanium, aluminum, silver gray titanium housing very soft, thick texture weight, design, and robust, easy to scratch, so the durability can be used in harsh environments. The shell is stamped and formed from Japanese JIS1 pure titanium. Its dimensions are 72.2mmX 78.8mmXl3.7mm, the top of the titanium material is 0.8mm at the top, the bottom is 0.6mm, and the mass is only 84g.
The price of the CD player is 34,000 yen, and the current monthly output of Aihua is 3,000.
Titanium computer hard drive
A hard disk is a core component of a computer's storage of data. At present, the storage capacity of computer hard disks has entered the megabyte (GB) level, reaching a staggering 75GB, the data transmission rate is several tens of megabytes per second, the average access time is several milliseconds, and the speed of the hard disk disk reaches 15000r/ Min.
The hard disk is a circular sheet with 5.25in (1in=25.4mm), 3.5in, 2.5in and 1.8in. The surface of the disc is coated with ferrite magnetic material as a recording medium for binary information. . Each disc has two magnetic surfaces, and the sea surface has a read/write head. Each hard disk memory is vertically mounted on the same rotating shaft by a plurality of disks to form a disk group.
The development trend of disc materials is aluminum-glass-titanium. At present, most of the hard disk platters are made of aluminum alloy, and the "glass hard disk", which is the Deskstar 75GXP and Deskstar 40GV, which are introduced by IBM International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), both of which use glass instead of traditional aluminum. The disc material gives the hard disk greater smoothness and higher robustness, and it also has higher stability at high speeds. However, if the hard disk is made of titanium, it has more advantages than the aluminum disk and the glass disk. Therefore, Timet Corporation of the United States has been making titanium discs on a small scale since 1998 and has obtained invention patents. By testing the performance of titanium discs, it is believed that titanium discs can completely replace aluminum and glass discs. Titanium as a high-speed, high-performance Internet and enterprise network server hard disk material will be rapidly developed and has a good market prospect.
1. The technical specifications of the titanium hard disk are as follows:
The technical specifications of the titanium hard disk are as follows:
95mm in diameter;
Thickness 0.635mm, or 0.8mm;
Surface hardness of 14700MPa;
Young's modulus 660GPa (TiN);
The maximum working temperature is 700 degrees;
Straightness <10 m (development direction <3 μm);
Roughness Ra < 0.8 nm (development direction: up to 0.3 nm).
2. Characteristics of titanium hard disk (1) Resonance and damping performance can be adjusted. Adjust the resonance peak of the disc with different thickness of the TiN layer, adapt to different rotation speeds, reduce track recording distortion, and improve hard disk performance.
(2) More tracks per inch (TPI). The disk has high rigidity, high stability and low noise, which can increase the number of tracks per inch and the areal density of the disk.
(3) Strong impact resistance. The surface hardness of TiN discs is 5 times higher than that of Al-NiP, which is 3 times higher than that of glass and glass-ceramic discs. The titanium disc can withstand the head impact force of 9.8N or more, and reduce the head impact damage and data loss when the hard disk data is exchanged.
(4) High storage density. The peripheral texture, magnetization and high spray temperature of the titanium disc increase the coercivity and storage density (data storage capacity) of the disc. [next]
(5) The spraying temperature is high. When the Al-NiP disc is magnetically changed at 275 °C, the titanium disc can be sprayed at a temperature exceeding 500 °C without magnetic change. The coercive force of the disc can be increased by 30% according to the processing technology. 100%. In addition, the titanium disk can be subjected to high temperature processing, and a magnetic film can be formed on the disk using a novel magnetic alloy such as barium ferrite.
(6) Texture processing is possible. The surface of the TiN disc is extremely hard and can be textured to improve coercivity, reduce static friction, and prevent surface scratches and balls of nickel-containing discs (while glass discs cannot be textured).
(7) Allow the disc to be magnetized. Unlike glass discs, titanium discs can be magnetized to increase coercivity and increase storage density.
(8) There is no nickel coating. Titanium discs do not require a nickel coating, which reduces expensive process steps and harmful waste disposal issues.
(9) The surface of the disc has a high surface finish, and the distance between the read/write head and the magnetic disk is reduced, and the storage density is increased.
(10) The product quality is good. Titanium's high temperature resistance, uniformity and non-magnetic properties can reduce defects, warpage and nodules in the production of discs, and prevent magnetic interference during disk data storage.
In addition, the production cost of the titanium hard disk is low, the production process of the disk is simple, and the production speed is fast. When manufacturing in batches, the manufacturing cost of each chip (excluding the raw material fee and the patent tax) is less than 1 US dollar. Although titanium is more expensive than aluminum, it is cheaper than glass or ceramic. In the case where the number of discs is equal, the cost of the titanium disc can be greatly reduced as compared with the other discs described above. Compared with the current Ni-P/AI-Mg disc process, the production cost is competitive. Moreover, raw materials are readily available, and media equipment manufacturers can use and own the disc production process to directly control costs.
3 Titanium alloy for hard disk The most suitable titanium alloy for hard disk is Ti-3Al-2.5V (ASTM Grade 9, UNS R56320). The alloy has high strength and good ductility under annealing conditions, can be cold-rolled, has excellent processing properties, and is non-magnetic at any temperature, and is currently widely used in discs of 5086 aluminum alloy. (UNS A95086) is superior in superiority. In addition to density, titanium alloys are superior to aluminum alloys in performance. In addition, the tensile strength of the annealed titanium alloy is 1.49 times that of the aluminum alloy, and the yield strength/density ratio is 2.83 times that of the aluminum alloy. At 20% work hardening, the tensile strength/density ratio of the titanium alloy is 1.87 times that of the aluminum alloy, and the yield strength/density ratio is 2.30 times that of the aluminum alloy. The melting point of titanium alloy is much higher than that of aluminum alloy, and its heat deformation resistance is much higher than that of aluminum alloy. The good heat resistance means that the magnetic film can be rapidly deposited at a higher temperature. The high coefficient of thermal expansion of the aluminum alloy causes misalignment between the read/write head of the hard disk and the disk, resulting in deviation. This problem does not occur with discs made of titanium alloy.
Table 1 Comparative properties of physical properties and mechanical properties of 5086 aluminum alloy and Ti-3Al-2.5V titanium alloy. Specific density of properties of two alloys of 5086 aluminum alloy Ti-3AI-2.5V titanium alloy/g•cm -3 2.66 4. 48 1.68
Resistivity / μΩ•cm 5.48 126 22.99
Thermal expansion coefficient 23.8×10 -6 9.5×10 -6 0.40
(20 ° C ~ 100 ° C) / ° C-1
Melting point range / °C 585 ~ 640 1700
Modulus of elasticity / GPa 71 103 1.45
20% work hardened annealed state 262 655 2.50
Σ0.2/MPa annealed state 117 558 4.77
20% work hardening 207 800 3.86
4 Developer of titanium hard disk and its invention patent [next]
In 1998, Timet Inc. invested $5 million to set up TitaniumX (also known as Titanium Storage Systems (TMS) and Tulip Storage Systems) to develop titanium discs. The company developed a new application area for titanium in computer hard drives, tested the performance of titanium discs, and patented titanium disc production technology. The company's first product was a rough, unpolished titanium disc with the trademark ServerDisk. Performance testing is currently being performed on mainstream hard drives and 15000r/min servers. If the test is successful, it will be commercialized.
The TitaninmX required titanium strip and related metallurgical technology were provided by Timet and the two companies signed a supply agreement. TitaniumX will also work closely with other titanium suppliers to create a wide range of titanium raw material supply channels at competitive prices and products.
The production method of titanium disc is to inject nitrogen into "aviation grade" titanium by plasma technology, and the titanium nitride disk produced has high hardness, stable performance and superior resonance characteristics than aluminum and other materials.
TitaniumX invented a number of patents on titanium discs, including new titanium discs for perpendicular recording and barium ferrite magnetic materials. Such as "titanium alloy used as magnetic media disc", "plasma titanium nitride used as magnetic media disc", "symmetric large-area high-temperature deposition spraying equipment for magnetic disk", "protective coating for thin film magnetic disk", "Production method of plasma nitride magnetic disk" and the like.
From 1976 to 2000, there were 37 US patents on "titanium discs", including patents filed by Tulip Storage Systems (1997-1999) and Japanese Steel Tube Company (NKK) (1991-1993). year). The production process of titanium discs is mentioned in the latest US patent "Method for Producing Titanium or Titanium Alloy Discs for Magnetic Recording Media", which was applied by Tulip Storage Systems in October 1999. The disc is precision cold rolled titanium or titanium alloy. The surface of the disc can be hardened by plasma nitriding, plasma carburizing or plasma carbonitriding. It can be sprayed on the disc surface layer of titanium nitride, titanium carbide or titanium boride hard coat layer.
This patent refers to the patent content previously invented by the company and the patent content that was applied for by NKK Japan.
5 Titanium Hard Drive Market Outlook Computer hard disk platters have a large market and are growing rapidly. In 1998, the world's disk production was about 450 million. Analysts predicted that hard disk production will grow at a rate of 10%-15% per year, and by 2002 it could reach 700 million. TitaniumX expects market share to grow 80% over the next four years.
The hard disk market has three main components: desktop computers, enterprise servers, and portable computers.
The desktop computer has the largest market share. In 1998, desktop hard drives accounted for approximately 58% of hard drive delivery. The hard disk for desktop computers mainly considers the cost. The disk specifications are mostly 3.5in in diameter and 0.8mm in thickness. .
Enterprise servers primarily consider hard drive performance. In 1998, enterprise server hard drives accounted for about 26% of the hard drive market. The main features of the server are high speed and large capacity. The server of 10000r/min is developing rapidly and has a large market share. It is expected that its sales will increase from 20 billion US dollars in 1999 to 25 billion US dollars in 2002. In 1999, TitaninmX produced 100 million discs, platters worth $300 million, and magnetic media equipment worth $1.5 billion.
The main feature of portable computers is ruggedness, especially for laptops that emphasize their ruggedness. The trend in portable computer hard drives is the use of 2.5-inch discs made of glass and glass-ceramic. In 1998, this market share accounted for about 10% of the hard disk market.
Table 2 lists the market size of magnetic media devices around 2001. Observers expect that with the increase in Internet and corporate network data traffic, current enterprise servers (7200r/min) will also evolve to higher-speed servers. Enterprise servers and laptops are the largest market for titanium hard drives. The desktop will be gradually replaced by laptops (laptops) in the future. [next]
Table 2 Market size of magnetic media equipment *10 6 / a
Product 1999 2000 2001 2002
10000r/min server:
High Density Data Recording (HDD) Equipment 5.9 13.2 22 32.4
Magnetic media equipment 38 73 109 140
Disk 53 99 147 184
Magnetic media device for enterprise server (7200r/min) 118 127 143 171
All 95mm discs 460 477 494 519
With the development of disk drives, high-performance disk and magnetic media devices are used in the following markets:
1. Automotive industry; 2. Internet/cable TV; 3. Audio/video applications: 4. Portable devices such as digital cameras and telephones for navigators.
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